Generally, vines should be grown in full sun, in a well draining soil and in a location where there is good circulating air to reduce incidence of disease. American varieties tend to be the most cold hardy while the European hybrids perform best in hotter, drier regions. The first consideration when attempting to cultivate grape is to select a variety based on the prevailing local climate, with the best production occurring in hot, dry regions. Vitis amurensis is native to Asia and has been hybridized with Vitis vinifera to produce cold tolerant grapevine varieties. Most grape cultivation centers on the use of Vitis vinifera, however, in North America the related species Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia and Vitis rotundifolia are also grown. Vitis vinifera is native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia but is cultivated on every continent except Antarctica. In cultivated plants, the berry is usually much larger, up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long and can be green, red or purple. In wild species, the fruit is 6 mm (1/5 in) in diameter and ripens to dark purple to black with a pale wax bloom. The fruit is a berry known as a grape and grows in clusters from the vine. Flowers are produced in clusters and fruit. The leaves of the grape vine are alternately arranged on the stem and are long and broad with 5–7 lobes, typically reaching sizes of 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in). The vines can reach lengths in excess of 30 m and can live for many years with proper management. The Common or European grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) is a long stemmed, woody vine (liana) which produces high value berries, or grapes.
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